Questions 1.11

1. Coal, Oil, Natural Gas
2. Solar Power, Wind Power, Hydroelectric Power
3. To counteract climate change or "Global Warming" without having serious negative impacts on the community
4. Australia, China, The United States and India
5. Australia's coal reserves have about 76 billion tonnes in them
6. Australia's natural gas reserves have remained relatively untapped over the years because of the abundance and demand of coal and oil
7. The solar power plant being built near Mildura will have technology to power satellites and consists of fields of mirrors each covering 0.8 kilometres.
8. Large turbines are situated on poles, and when the wind pushes and turns them it generates electricity

9. Positive	Negative
   It supplies energy to 18000 homes	The farm cost $65 million
   Will reduce greenhouse gas emissions by two million tonnes over 25 years	These turbines measures 100 metres in length and has to have a 25 kilometre transmission line to get power to Yankalilla, the distribution network

10. Hydro, Solar and Wind power is good because it allows for the same, if not better, power and electricity for less cost, carbon footprint wise. Hydro power allows us to draw power from water and supply houses with electricity. Solar power allows us to draw power from the sun and is very cost-effective. Wind power uses wind to generate electricity. 2 out of the 3 things I listed are unlimited, Solar and Wind, so this could last us for hundreds of years if not longer.
11. All of the pipelines that are currently built and operating are very close to Natural Gas production basins, inland for the east coast, out to sea for the west coast. These pipelines also travel to all the major cities in Australia, such as Sydney, Perth and Brisbane.
12. A) i)$16.8 billion ii)$5.2 billion iii)$3.1 billion

          B) i)$25 billion ii)$6.5 billion iii)$3 billion
          C) Coal

Questions 1.10

1. Resources are any materials that can be used by humans
2. Renewable- Things that can be used and reproduced within a human lifetime/Non-Renewable- Things that can be used but cannot be reproduced within a human lifetime.
3. A renewable source can become non-renewable through over exploitation.
4. Soil is a valuable resource because it is a vital source for Australia's agriculture industries 
5.  Silviculture is the branch of forestry dealing with the development and care of forests
6. 164.4 million hectares
7. Australia's fishing and aquaculture industries are worth over $2 billion, so they are very valuable
8. The Australian Fisheries Management Authority (AFMA) set a limit on the fishing of southern blue fin tuna.
9. Black coal, iron ore and aluminium ore
10. Increased funding and more perfect ways to mine and prospect
11. Australia's forest resources are massive to say the least. There are 768 million hectares in Australia, and 164.4 million hectares of that is forest. That is a lot. Australia's forest resources allow for many opportunities in the business world, and in wood and lumber exports Australia makes around 3.9 billion dollars in year, through exporting to other countries (Japan, New Zealand)
12. Uranium is a valuable resource because it is worth millions of dollars to the Australian economy, Uranium can be used to make powerful nuclear weapons and nuclear energy reduces atmospheric pollution.
13. World heritage sites are valuable resources because they are of great significance on a national and global scale, and so bring tourists that are associated economics benefits.
14. Uranium mining could have a major effect on the landscape because it requires lots of different machines to makes sure that people mine it correctly and without hazard, so large spaces of the Australian country side are effected.
15. The Australian fishing grounds are all around Australia, mainly on the east coast
16. A) Many of the mines are spread out around Australia, mainly congregating in the Northern Territory.        B)Radium Hill                                                                                                                                  C) Ranger
17. 
    
    
    18. A) i)399 million, ii) 237 million iii) 528 million
          B) i)437.3 million
          C) The value of uranium has definitely increased as demand increases and as nuclear technology     (weapons, power) evolves.

Japanese Tsunami and Earthquake

Honshu, Naruto, Hitachi, Tokyo, Omigawa, Liyaina, Leda, Miyako, Haramachi, Otsuchi and Minimisanriku. Most of these cities and town in Japan suffered greatly from the earthquake, tsunami and the many aftershocks. 

An old woman at Otsuchi

The devastation at Minimisanriku

1. The epicentre of the earthquake was near the east coast of Honshu, Japan
2. The earthquake was a magnitude of 8.9 on the Richter scale
3. There is a nuclear powerplant that has gone into a mini-metldown, which have caused major radiation scares around Tokyo and other cities in Japan. This has happened because the Japanese made this reactor, not thinking that a natural disaster like this would happen, and didn't build it to withstand it.

Questions 1.7

1.     Australia has been an isolated continent for about 50 million years, so the fauna and flora have evolved differently than other species around the world.

2.     Many of the species have survived for millions of years due to the stability of the environment.

3.     Endemic means something that is not found anywhere else in the world.

4.     89 percent of Australian reptiles are endemic.

5.     The Great Barrier Reef, The Tropical Rainforest and the South-west Botanical Province of Western Australia

6.     The Tropical Rainforest

7.     Marsupials are mammals that have pouches. Example, Kangaroo

8.     Monotremes are egg laying mammals . Example, Duck Billed Platypus

9.     The only real difference between the Kangaroo and the Wallaby is that wallabies are smaller and enjoy rugged terrain, while kangaroos prefer large grassy plains.

10. Platypus' are one of the most unusual animals found in Australia. They spend around 12 hours a day swimming and looking for food, and the remainder in burrows that they dig in river banks close to water level. The female Platypus lays around 2-3 eggs in the burrow. They have a very sensitive bill that they use to detect prey and have two nostrils at the top of the bill for taking breaths when in water.

11.  

The name waratah comes the Eora Aborigines

Spirally arranged leaves, 10-20cm long

Has large red flowerheads, 6-15cm in diameter

Waratahs are popular but difficult to grow

There are some hybrids of the waratah, such as one that have creamy white or pink flowers instead of the traditional red.

These results show how different and diverse Australia is. Both these places are in the state, but are wildly different. My graphs show the difference between the species living in The Great Barrier Reef and The Tropical Rainforest. It shows that many different species live in many different environments and areas, even some you didn't expect.215 different species of birds live in and around the Great Barrier Reef and 58% of all Bat species in Australia live in the Rainforest. These results surprised me as I thought they would be hanging around much different environments, like caves for bats

THE TROPICAL RAINFOREST

Ferns	Butterfly’s	Bats	Freshwater Fish	Mammals	Frogs	Cycad	Birds
65% in Australia	60% in Australia	58% in Australia	37% in Australia	36% in Australia	27% in Australia	21% in Australia	50% in Australia
Conifers		Orchids		Amphibians		Reptiles
37% in Australia		30% in Australia		23% in Australia		17% in Australia

 GREAT BARRIER REEF

MOLLUSCS	SEAWEED	SPONGES	SEA SNAKES	FISH	CORALS	BIRDS	SEA TURTLES
4000	500	400	10	1500	400	215	6

Patrick from Helsinki, Finland

To Patrick
Hey man, I just writing to you to make sure you know what the weather is going to be like for when your going to be here. March, April and May are kind of warm/cold. The weather will gradually get colder as we go on, but the lowest it'll get is probably 15 degrees. It'll definitely be much warmer than in Helsinki during March and April, but May will probably be kind of the day So you don't need to pack that heavy snow jacket that you probably wear, although you may need to bring a rain jacket and jumper for when it gets colder.

We are also going to go to Thredbo, and that will be much colder than in Sydney. It snows a lot there, and so is pretty cold. If you have a light snow jacket you should bring that, as well as your jumper and rainjacket. For Thredbo you will need warm, semi-waterproof clothing.

For everyday wear you will need shorts, board shorts, jeans, T-shirts and a jumper. You'll wear the shorts and T-shirts pretty much everyday, but when it rains, gets a bit colder or when we go to Thredbo, your going to need jeans, raincoat, jumper and light snow jacket. You probably wear snow gear and cold weather gear all day, so I suppose this will be very different to what your used to.

Question 1.6

1. Climate is the pattern of weather  that is expected in a place, based on the weather of the past 30 years, while weather is the conditions of an area in terms of temperature, wind, clouds and precipitation.
2. The equator, in the middle of the Earth, receives more sun than any other place, so the closer somewhere is to the equator, the more sun they will receive, and so will become hotter, and places that are further north, away from the equator get less sun and so are colder
3. In the summer there are usually low pressure winds in the north, so there is no breeze and it gets hotter, but in the south there is higher pressure winds, so its cooler. While in winter its the opposite, so its much colder in the north and much hotter in the south.
4. Ocean currents from nearer poles bring cooler conditions and those from nearer the equator bring warmer conditions.
5. A climate can be affected seriously by relief. If a country has a higher altitude, then the moist air that is forced to rise cools, the water vapour condenses and there is an increase in cloud cover and precipitation.  These places are cooler and wetter than lower altitude places.
6. a) The average climate stats are very important for a farmer. If a farmer does not know or keep up to date on the weather and climate, he could end up making a drastic mistake with his crops or his livestock, whether its when plants them or when harvest them, that seriously affect him financially                   b) A tourist in Australia should not be concerned about the climate all. All it helps them decide is what clothes to pack, and whether they should bring sunscreen and hats. the climate and weather only affects where they can visit that day, the museum or the beach.
7. Australia is traditionally know for its hard 'outback' climate, and so the vegetation that grows there have had to adapt. Some plants that were once were identical, over millenniums, have evolved into completely different species. These plant that once relied on water have adapted to the landscape and now just need sunlight, which the 'outback' supplies quite readily.
8. Hobart: Annual Precipitation= 519.2 mm    Average Annual Temperature= 12.4 degrees 

          Darwin: Annual Precipitation= 1708.8 mm   Average Annual Temperature= 27.6 degrees

     b) It doesn't give you a proper idea of the heat of the day or the cold of the night. As most are about during the day, it is much better to know to know the average maximum temperature.

      9. Melbourne is in a temperate climate zone, with low average rainfall and mid range-average temperatures. Alice Springs is in the middle of Australia, in a sub tropical climate zone. It has very low rainfall, and high temperatures. However temperatures can drop sharply at nightime because its in the desert. Alice Springs has the greatest temperature range, from a maximum daily temperature of 35 degrees in January to a minimum temperature of 4 degrees in July. Melbourne has the most rainfall with rainfall pretty even throughout the year.

Christchurch Earthquake

1. The earthquake was caused by the movement of two tectonic plates,oceanic and the south pacific.
2. The earthquake occurred 10 km away from the centre of downtown Christchurch.
3. They have around 76 casualties, around 160 injured and 10-30 still trapped.
4. Major damage has occurred across Christchurch, most older building such as the catholic church in down town Christchurch, have collapsed because their supports have become weaker over time.
5. Some concerns now include the explosion of gas chambers, dust gathering in the air (carrying asbestos) that could cause cancer or lung disease.
6. My reaction to this event is that of mild surprise and shock. It is hard to see so many people, so close to where we are now, suffering and dyeing. Buildings, homes and church's have been destroyed by this disaster, and it just makes me think of how lucky I am that I don't have to deal with the earthquakes, cyclones or floods