7.3 Questions

1. Erosion, Transportation and Deposition
2. As waves approach the coast they refract and bend due to headlands and the ocean floors contour. Wave refraction causes the wave energy to be concentrated in particular areas and less than others.
3.  
4. Beaches and Coastal Dunes
5. Hydraulic Action, Corrasion and Corrosion.
6. The accretion cycle is the cycle of is the formation of sand dunes due to decomposition of sediments.
7. Wind, Transportation and Erosion
8. Beaches
9. Coastal dunes are formed by wind. Sand is deposited on the beach and the wind blows the sand inward. The sand is then trapped by low lying vegetation and coastal spinifex. The pile of sand then becomes a foredune, which could then be eroded away or keep growing.
10. Longshore drift moves sand along the beach in a zig-zag movement.
11. Depositional landforms

Beaches

Dunes
Erosion Landforms

Badlands

Gully
12. The foredune provides a buffer zone for the fragile dune vegetation located on the hind dunes and so provide vital protection for property from erosion.

Cribbar Waves Profile

The Cribbar, also known as the Widow Maker, a name given to it after leaving many surfers injured after falling from their surfboards as they surfed these enormous waves, is a reef off the coast of sunny Cornwall, United Kingdom. The Cribbar is best known for its big waves that attract big wave surfers from across the world.


The waves won't break unless there's at least a 6-8ft swell and it can hold waves in the 25ft+ range. These waves are undoubtedly big but lose speed and power as they approach the shore, which leaves them behind other big waves around the world. These  Cribbar waves were first surfed by American surfer Jack Lydgate in 1966.
Jack Lydgate surfing a Cribbar wave.

7.1

1. The pressure of urban development along the coastline has caused a range of geographical issues involving  various groups. Residents, tourists and commercial activity all need to be managed by geographers so that the development of the coastline is sustainable.
2. The sustainability of the coast is the primary concern as it is constantly under threat from pollution and over population.
3. Over development and rapid growth of coastal areas occur due to the current Australian trend for people to move from large cities to smaller coastal towns and villages where the lifestyle is more relaxed, and as such this is known as 'sea change'
4. One response to 'sea change; is the residential population caps that have been put in place so the coastal areas do not become overpopulated.
5. The four areas I have chosen 

Page 113 Questions

1. Drought causes economic hardship for the agricultural population which has an effect on jobs, business and the local economy of the town
2. Farm area's increased, but the number of farms decreased
3. Rural recession, Soldier Settler blocks unable to turn a profit, Less farms
4. A lot of jobs that were previously manual are now mechanised and have been replaced by robots or machines instead of people
5. With better roads and the comfort of today's cars, more people tend to pass the smaller towns like Gulargambone in exchange for the larger cities like Dubbo.
6. Population Decline, The Number of farmers and farms have decreased and less school enrolments

     8. The population has certainly dipped since the rural recession in the late 1960's and the town has never                 fully recovered

     9. More young  people are being born, but as they get older are leaving for better parts (mainly males)

     10. School enrolments were at their peak at 1961 and declined as the rural recession started so more kids were kept out of school to work on the farm with their parents.

     11. Social - Less people wanting to come through or visit Gulargambone

           Economic - Rural Decline

           Environmental - Droughts and extreme weather

Page 109 questions

1. Rural decline occurs when people from rural areas move into urban areas and leave the rural areas with less population
2. Gulargambone is a small town north of Dubbo, halfway between Gilgandra and Coonamble. It lies in the Coonamble Shire Council area. It has extremes of heat in the summer, up to 45 degrees, and extreme cold in winter, around -5 degrees.
3. The atmosphere is very dry and humid. The hydrosphere is also very dry, getting little rain. The Lithosphere of the town is pretty good. Although the town is usually dry it lies next to a river which is also usually dry but flows underground.
4. Blocks of land allocated to veterans.
5. Gulargambone Cypress timber mill, Sheep wool, beef cattle and the production of cereal crops and oilseeds
6. 477 people lived in the town. 1072 live in farms and property around it.
7. The Community Development Employment Program
8.   B) 5km north
9. 
   

Mapping Skills: Geography Preliminary - 2006

1. 0.7%
2. 60 million
3. Africa
4. 4.1 million
5. 3.6 million
6. As seen in source C, African nations are having more of a population growth, while European countries are starting to die down.
7. Dicks Hill
8. Camden Haven
9. 1 kilometre
10. Hanleys Point Bridge
11. 1 km
12. GR831001
13. GR845992 Height 100m

Go Back To Where You Came From Reflection

• My initial reaction to the show is that of shock. My mother always tells me that immigrants are too well off and we are giving them everything and they are just taking our money and they should go back to where they came from, and for a while I believed that too. My view changed when I saw this film. After seeing the trials that these people go through, I can have some sympathy for the people coming here and what they had to do to get it.
• 1.5%
• Because the government is giving them housing, benefits and healthcare for nothing and after they have entered our country legally, while if you want to migrate to Australia legally it is a $60,000 fee, and that is very angering to a lot of people.
• Eighteenth
• Not much, if they want to come to our country legally we should welcome them, but if they want to come illegally then their boat can sink for all I care, they need to do the appropriate way, not illegally.
• None
• 11
• This means that refugees are stuck there and cannot seek refuge from Malaysia except by illegal methods

Australia's population

1. The study of statistics such as births, deaths, income, or the incidence of disease, which illustrate the changing structure of human populations
2. 2002/2003. By 2050 the population is expected to meet 42 million
3. 315 000
4. Decrease in predators and increased food resources. I think that these reasons for increase are bad examples for a first world country like Australia, so none of these could really be attributed to the percentage of population in Australia.
5. 1.78
6. 2.1. This compares as being very low compared to later years after WWII were the population literally exploded because of the peace people had because of no threat of war.
7. Declining and is almost starting to plateau
8. 2.6 people per house for Australia. 2.95 people per house for the USA

How has Australia changed in my life time

List some of the ways Australia has changed in my life time

Physical Changes

1. In my local community, Galston, a new shopping centre was added next to the already existing Galston Village, which had already contained a plethora of stores and restaurants. This new shopping centre was built over an old car park used for the village. It contains a franklin supermarket and a pharmacy, and was probably not necessary for the village. It looks nice and is useful for its pharmacy, but most store spaces there are still empty and available for lease , years after it was opened!
2. In my local chopping centre, Castle Towers Shopping Centre, the old movie theatre, Greater Union, was bought and replaced by Event Cinemas. They completely refurbished the older theatre, added the Vmax (A larger, less comfy version of Gold Class) and put in a Gold Class option. This has been a good change as it has brought the movie theatre into the modern world and made viewing moves more enjoyable.

Socio-Economic Changes

1. The price of Petrol has definitely gone up in the past couple of years based on the recent GFC (Global Financial Crisis). Following the crash of the stock market and many major banks in America, the Australian Dollar careened lower compared to other currency's and the petrol prices soared, causing many problems for struggling families and teenagers learning to drive.

Cultural Changes

1. In recent times people from foreign countries such as Pakistan and Indonesia have been trying to sneak their way into Australia by means of boat. Some have succeeded, but most have just been let into the country and been given food, water, shelter and VISA's, all for free! Many people have gotten up in arms about this, as they see this as the government feeling bad for these people and giving them free housing, and this has caused a lot of problems for Julia Gillards labour government. 

Group Member Evaluation

Sebin Han.

Sebin joined our group later on and has been a consistently hard worker since then. Sebin as been a pleasure to work with and helped us all with the information required to complete our maps. Sebin was in charge of the El Nino and La Nina fact sheets and I believe has done a good job explaining the two weather conditions and two natural disasters caused by this.

Jake Hanlon

Jake was my original partner and has been with me from day one. He took on the role of making the two maps of La Nina has has done a fantastic job with those two. He has been a pleasure to work with and has completed his maps efficiently and effectively, explaining the effects of La Nina to Australia and the World in detail.

Concerns.

On Wednesday I was not able to come into contact with Sebin or Jake, and that led to some confusion

How many parts of the project have I completed

World El Nino Map - Not Complete
Australian El Nino Map - Not Complete
World La Nina map- Not Complete
Australian La Nina Map - Complete
El Nino Fact Sheet - Complete
La Nina Fact Sheet - Complete

Study Questions

1. How many hectopascal (hPa) is the high over the Eastern side of Australia?
1032 Correct 
2. What LARGE part of Australia is experiencing rain?
Western Australia Correct
3. Give the approximate location of the centre of the high on the east coast?
37 S 141 E (Use Latitude and Longitude describing locations)
4. How would you compare the speed of the wind for Australia to New Zealand?
The wind speed in New Zealand is much higher than in Australia 1/2 Right (The isobars are closer around New Zealand, so the wind speed is higher)
5. What month has the warmest temperature?
July Wrong (Red line at the top of chart is temperature) Correct Answer = May
6. What hemisphere is this city in?
Southern Hemisphere
7. What month has the highest rainfall?
July Correct
8. What is the average temperature and rainfall for November?
27.5 Degrees (Temperature)  80 mm (Rainfall) Correct
9. What latitude do you think this city is at? Why?

Questions 2.5

1. Tropical cyclones are intense low-pressure systems that form over warm oceans.
2. Tropical cyclones usually form over the northern areas of Australia.
3. Western Australia and the Northern Territory
4. 6
5. Hurricanes and Typhoons
6. Tropical cyclones develop in the tropical regions of the world. Heat from the sun causes warm, moist air to rise into the atmosphere. As the air rises, a low pressure system forms and condensation occurs, which releases latent heat causing the air to rise further into the atmosphere. If the air pressure in the upper atmosphere is high, then the rising column of warm air will spiral outwards in the upper atmosphere and air will rush from the surface to replace it, forming a tropical cyclone.
7. The eye of a cyclone is the centre, and is usually calm with a clear sky.
8. When a tropical cyclone moves away from the tropics and into cooler oceans they start to lose energy as the hot air dissipates, and so they are downgraded to tropical storms. 

Questions 2.4

1. A flood is when water inundates land which is normally dry.
2. Flash flooding is when small river or streams are unable to cope with all the water all at once so they overflow and flood. Urban areas are not normally prepared for flooding or flash flooding, and so can suffer greatly.
3. Inland rivers- These are subject to flooding which often covers thousands of square km's and can be devastating for farmers and their crops. Coastal Rivers- These floods are short and fast flowing, and they generally only last for a couple of hours or days.
4. Houses could be destroyed. People could be killed. Produce could be washed away or destroyed.
5. Water had already filled the rivers and catchments around Katherine, so almost all the water overflowed and flooded Katherine.
6.  Economic- 500 Business's we're evacuated or destroyed. Environmental- Crops would have washed away. Social- 4 people died.
7. A) Inland Catchment- slight gradient  Coastal Catchment- steep gradient. B) Slight Gradient to Steep Gradient. C) The water would run towards the steeper gradient, because when it is flat there isn't anywhere to go.
8. Dams are normally used to control the amount of water in a river or catchment and can also supply water to an area. Dams influence inland river because they keep the water level under control, but if they overflow could also cause the river to overflow, causing a flood.
9. The flood came in faster than I could have imagined. I wasn't ready as it swept down the streets, quickly filling up the first floor with muddy water. I couldn't get to my car for it was underwater. I ran out onto my balcony and saw the town square flooded, with water gushing down the streets. It was sweeping down the street, washing cars and people away.

Questions 2.3

1.  Hail with diameter 2cm or more, wind gust of 90km per hour, flash flooding
2. Severe storms usually affect small suburbs rather than big cities
3. Warm humid air is pushed upward into the atmosphere by wind.
4. 'Latent heat' is when warm, humid air is pushed upwards by wind. The moisture releases latent heat which makes the air more buoyant, which allows the water to rise higher and freeze, often forming ice crystals and hail.
5. The Anvil Head
6. The Outflow
7. The Bureau of Meteorology issues the warnings and these warnings are developed by the bureau of Meteorology's weather radars.
8. Severe storms remain a highly unpredictable natural hazard because we cannot really predict them or see them coming until they are happening or just about to happen.
9. A) 13 November 2006 1:14 PM  B) Kurri Kurri, Lochinvar, Nelson Bay and Anna Bay  C) 2:10 PM  D) I would make sure to evacuate everyone from the school and if that cannot be done move into a classroom or building with no windows and hold up until the storm finishes.

Questions 2.8

1. A) estimate the air pressure of:
           i) 1016
           ii) 1012
           iii) 1020
           iv) 1018

    B) Adelaide
    C) Melbourne can expect sunny skies with minimal cloud cover and no chance of rain
    D) i) A low pressure tough
         ii) Wind and precipitation moving from Southern Australia (Adelaide) up to central Australia and Port Headland  
         iii) low pressure trough
    E) Hobart would have the strongest winds because the isobars on the synoptic chart are closer near Hobart than they are at Sydney.  

Weather conditions 4/5/11

It was a cool,dry, sunny day. Partly cloudy, (Altostratus clouds). South Easterly breeze.

Weather report for Wahroonga 4/5/11
min temperature: 13 degrees max temperature: 18
Mostly cloudy
68% humidity
Sunrise: 6:31
Sunset: 5:14
16 Mph South Easterly winds

Questions 2.2

2.2 QUESTIONS

1.   The movement of a mass of rock or sections of the Earth’s crust under the force of gravity.
2.    Heavy rainfall, vibrations from earthquakes and the undercutting of banks from waves or rivers.
3. Buildings and the construction of roads and rail ways can weaken hillsides, making them more vulnerable, and mining also contributes to the hazard.
4.   Earthquakes are movements of the Earth’s crust, and they are measured by the Richter Scale.
5.  Intra-plate tension where movements occur along cracks in the Earth’s crust.
6.  Australia receives one earthquake measuring over 5.5 on the Richter scale every 15 months. These cause minimal damage because of Australia rests on a tectonic plate, not next to one.
7.   The 1989 Newcastle earthquake killed 13 people and injured over 120. 30000 homes and 3000 building were affected and sustained serious damage and over 70000 buildings in the region sustained minor damage.
8. An earthquake is an underground movement while a landslide is above ground.
9.    A Tsunami is a massive wave usually caused by underwater earthquakes.
10.   An earthquake, landslide or volcano erupting.
11.   A Tsunami is caused by an earthquake occurring underwater and pushing a mass of water towards land, often with disastrous consequences

12.Shake, Drop, Roar

13.   A 9.3 Richter scale Earthquake off the west coast of Sumatra

14.   There are 23 automated earthquake monitoring stations. It took these stations 20 minutes to pick up the earthquake.

15.   The Tsunami grows taller and wider but slows down dramatically.

16.   The United Nations developed a Tsunami warning system for the Indian Ocean.

17.   Ted Bryant is a Wollongong University geoscience professor that has warned that Tsunami’s caused by New Zealand’s Alpine Fault could strike New South Wales as often as every 500 years.

18.  18. A)  15 degrees North and 90 degrees East

B) i) 2 hours ii) 10 hours iii) 4.5 hours iv)9 hours

19.We are at Thredbo after just 4 hours ago, a devastating landslide hit and destroyed everything in its path. Approximately 3500 tonnes of dirt and debris came hurtling down the slope destroying the Bimbadenn and Carinya Lodges, and killing 18 people. This has majorly affected the ski slopes and mountains that Thredbo exploits as its main source of income, as they have been closed due to the landslide and the damages that have been caused.

 20.

Storms in Southeast USA

• These storms have affected from Alabama to Arkansaw
• Some states saw 80 mile per hour winds, torrential rain and hail
• The storms have killed around 300 people
• 400,000 people are without power
• 2.4 kilometres tall tornado's
• 360 different tornado's and around 122 per day
• This especially devastating as these states are still recovering from the BP oil spill

Heatwaves

Economic Impacts of a Heatwave

• A heatwave can be devastating to farmers and their crops, for the heat can cause the crops to wilt and die.
• A heatwave causes major heat which wreaks havoc on power grids and infrastructure, which causes electricity consumption to go up, which makes electricity prices go up.
• Most people's houses are not air conditioned, so they would leave their houses and go to cooler places, such as shopping centres, which would generate more money for retailers and restaurants.
• Due to the higher level of insurance claims of economic loss (and even people dying), insurance premiums would rise, which affects the whole economy
• Water consumption would rise as people would water their gardens and drink more, thus water levels in dams may drop, leading to water restrictions, especially in times of drought.

2:1 questions

1. A natural hazard is a naturally occurring event that poses danger to humans.
2. A natural hazard usually poses a minor threat to humans, while a natural disaster affects and poses a direct threat to lots of people, and has the potential to damage property and human life.
3. Those related to weather and climatic factors and those related to movements in the Earth's crust
4. Those related to weather include: drought, heatwaves, brushfires, strong winds, storms, tropical cyclones and tornadoes. Those related to movements in the Earth's crust include: landslides, earth tremors, earthquakes and tsunami's.
5. Because natural hazards that have an effect on densely populated areas affect more people and have more drastic consequences
6. Crops in the outback will die because of lack of water and people may die because of lack of food.
7. Social Impacts, Economic Impacts and Environmental Impacts
8. Most of Australia is settled, leaving many communities at greater risk of a natural disaster.
9. It takes information from 2573 postcodes about how often natural hazards occur at that location, and then shows the potential risk of natural hazard and natural disaster in that area.
10. A) Tsunami, Flood, Bushfire B) Heatwaves
11. A) Local councils could make certain restrictions about things that may be negative towards the community during a natural hazard                                                                                                 B)The state government can learn which parts of the state are most at risk to natural hazard and spend more money protecting and preparing those areas.                        C) They know where the higher risk places are, so they can patrol or station themselves closer to that area               D) Insurance companies would be able to save money by restricting some of their policies to people that live in high risk areas

Questions 1.11

1. Coal, Oil, Natural Gas
2. Solar Power, Wind Power, Hydroelectric Power
3. To counteract climate change or "Global Warming" without having serious negative impacts on the community
4. Australia, China, The United States and India
5. Australia's coal reserves have about 76 billion tonnes in them
6. Australia's natural gas reserves have remained relatively untapped over the years because of the abundance and demand of coal and oil
7. The solar power plant being built near Mildura will have technology to power satellites and consists of fields of mirrors each covering 0.8 kilometres.
8. Large turbines are situated on poles, and when the wind pushes and turns them it generates electricity

9. Positive	Negative
   It supplies energy to 18000 homes	The farm cost $65 million
   Will reduce greenhouse gas emissions by two million tonnes over 25 years	These turbines measures 100 metres in length and has to have a 25 kilometre transmission line to get power to Yankalilla, the distribution network

10. Hydro, Solar and Wind power is good because it allows for the same, if not better, power and electricity for less cost, carbon footprint wise. Hydro power allows us to draw power from water and supply houses with electricity. Solar power allows us to draw power from the sun and is very cost-effective. Wind power uses wind to generate electricity. 2 out of the 3 things I listed are unlimited, Solar and Wind, so this could last us for hundreds of years if not longer.
11. All of the pipelines that are currently built and operating are very close to Natural Gas production basins, inland for the east coast, out to sea for the west coast. These pipelines also travel to all the major cities in Australia, such as Sydney, Perth and Brisbane.
12. A) i)$16.8 billion ii)$5.2 billion iii)$3.1 billion

          B) i)$25 billion ii)$6.5 billion iii)$3 billion
          C) Coal

Questions 1.10

1. Resources are any materials that can be used by humans
2. Renewable- Things that can be used and reproduced within a human lifetime/Non-Renewable- Things that can be used but cannot be reproduced within a human lifetime.
3. A renewable source can become non-renewable through over exploitation.
4. Soil is a valuable resource because it is a vital source for Australia's agriculture industries 
5.  Silviculture is the branch of forestry dealing with the development and care of forests
6. 164.4 million hectares
7. Australia's fishing and aquaculture industries are worth over $2 billion, so they are very valuable
8. The Australian Fisheries Management Authority (AFMA) set a limit on the fishing of southern blue fin tuna.
9. Black coal, iron ore and aluminium ore
10. Increased funding and more perfect ways to mine and prospect
11. Australia's forest resources are massive to say the least. There are 768 million hectares in Australia, and 164.4 million hectares of that is forest. That is a lot. Australia's forest resources allow for many opportunities in the business world, and in wood and lumber exports Australia makes around 3.9 billion dollars in year, through exporting to other countries (Japan, New Zealand)
12. Uranium is a valuable resource because it is worth millions of dollars to the Australian economy, Uranium can be used to make powerful nuclear weapons and nuclear energy reduces atmospheric pollution.
13. World heritage sites are valuable resources because they are of great significance on a national and global scale, and so bring tourists that are associated economics benefits.
14. Uranium mining could have a major effect on the landscape because it requires lots of different machines to makes sure that people mine it correctly and without hazard, so large spaces of the Australian country side are effected.
15. The Australian fishing grounds are all around Australia, mainly on the east coast
16. A) Many of the mines are spread out around Australia, mainly congregating in the Northern Territory.        B)Radium Hill                                                                                                                                  C) Ranger
17. 
    
    
    18. A) i)399 million, ii) 237 million iii) 528 million
          B) i)437.3 million
          C) The value of uranium has definitely increased as demand increases and as nuclear technology     (weapons, power) evolves.

Japanese Tsunami and Earthquake

Honshu, Naruto, Hitachi, Tokyo, Omigawa, Liyaina, Leda, Miyako, Haramachi, Otsuchi and Minimisanriku. Most of these cities and town in Japan suffered greatly from the earthquake, tsunami and the many aftershocks. 

An old woman at Otsuchi

The devastation at Minimisanriku

1. The epicentre of the earthquake was near the east coast of Honshu, Japan
2. The earthquake was a magnitude of 8.9 on the Richter scale
3. There is a nuclear powerplant that has gone into a mini-metldown, which have caused major radiation scares around Tokyo and other cities in Japan. This has happened because the Japanese made this reactor, not thinking that a natural disaster like this would happen, and didn't build it to withstand it.

Questions 1.7

1.     Australia has been an isolated continent for about 50 million years, so the fauna and flora have evolved differently than other species around the world.

2.     Many of the species have survived for millions of years due to the stability of the environment.

3.     Endemic means something that is not found anywhere else in the world.

4.     89 percent of Australian reptiles are endemic.

5.     The Great Barrier Reef, The Tropical Rainforest and the South-west Botanical Province of Western Australia

6.     The Tropical Rainforest

7.     Marsupials are mammals that have pouches. Example, Kangaroo

8.     Monotremes are egg laying mammals . Example, Duck Billed Platypus

9.     The only real difference between the Kangaroo and the Wallaby is that wallabies are smaller and enjoy rugged terrain, while kangaroos prefer large grassy plains.

10. Platypus' are one of the most unusual animals found in Australia. They spend around 12 hours a day swimming and looking for food, and the remainder in burrows that they dig in river banks close to water level. The female Platypus lays around 2-3 eggs in the burrow. They have a very sensitive bill that they use to detect prey and have two nostrils at the top of the bill for taking breaths when in water.

11.  

The name waratah comes the Eora Aborigines

Spirally arranged leaves, 10-20cm long

Has large red flowerheads, 6-15cm in diameter

Waratahs are popular but difficult to grow

There are some hybrids of the waratah, such as one that have creamy white or pink flowers instead of the traditional red.

These results show how different and diverse Australia is. Both these places are in the state, but are wildly different. My graphs show the difference between the species living in The Great Barrier Reef and The Tropical Rainforest. It shows that many different species live in many different environments and areas, even some you didn't expect.215 different species of birds live in and around the Great Barrier Reef and 58% of all Bat species in Australia live in the Rainforest. These results surprised me as I thought they would be hanging around much different environments, like caves for bats

THE TROPICAL RAINFOREST

Ferns	Butterfly’s	Bats	Freshwater Fish	Mammals	Frogs	Cycad	Birds
65% in Australia	60% in Australia	58% in Australia	37% in Australia	36% in Australia	27% in Australia	21% in Australia	50% in Australia
Conifers		Orchids		Amphibians		Reptiles
37% in Australia		30% in Australia		23% in Australia		17% in Australia

 GREAT BARRIER REEF

MOLLUSCS	SEAWEED	SPONGES	SEA SNAKES	FISH	CORALS	BIRDS	SEA TURTLES
4000	500	400	10	1500	400	215	6